What Is Subjectivity in Womens History and Gender Studies

In postmodernist theory,  subjectivity  means to take the perspective of the individual self, rather than some neutral,  objective, perspective, from outside the selfs experience.   Feminist theory takes note that in much of the writing about history, philosophy and psychology, the male experience is usually the focus.   A womens history approach to history takes seriously the selves of individual women, and their lived experience, not just as linked to the experience of males. As an approach to womens history, subjectivity looks at how a woman herself (the subject) lived and saw her role in life.   Subjectivity takes seriously the experience of women as human beings and individuals.   Subjectivity looks at how women saw their activities and roles as contributing (or not) to her identity and meaning. Subjectivity is an attempt to see history from the perspective of the individuals who lived that history, especially including ordinary women. Subjectivity requires taking seriously womens consciousness. Key features of a subjective approach to womens history: it is a qualitative rather than quantitative studyemotion is taken seriouslyit requires a kind of historic empathy it takes seriously the lived experience of women In the subjective approach, the historian asks not only how gender defines womens treatment, occupations, and so on, but also how women perceive the personal, social and political meanings of being female. From Nancy F. Cott and Elizabeth H. Pleck, A Heritage of Her Own, Introduction. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy explains it this way: Since women have been cast as lesser forms of the masculine individual, the paradigm of the self that has gained ascendancy in U.S. popular culture and in Western philosophy is derived from the experience of the predominantly white and heterosexual, mostly economically advantaged men who have wielded social, economic, and political power and who have dominated the arts, literature, the media, and scholarship.   Thus, an approach that considers subjectivity may redefine cultural concepts even of the self because that concept has represented a male norm rather than a more general human norm -- or rather, the male norm has been taken to  be  the equivalent of the general human norm, not taking into account actual experiences and consciousness of women. Others have noted that male philosophical and psychological history is often based on the idea of separating from the mother in order to develop a self -- and so maternal bodies are seen as instrumental to human (usually male) experience. Simone de Beauvoir, when she wrote  Ã¢â‚¬Å"He is the Subject, he is the Absolute—she is the Other,†Ã‚  summarized the problem for feminists that subjectivity is meant to address: that through most of human history, philosophy and history have seen the world through male eyes, seeing other men as part of the subject of history, and seeing women as Other, non-subjects, secondary, even aberrations. Ellen Carol DuBois is among those who challenged this emphasis: There is a very sneaky kind of antifeminism here... because it tends to ignore politics. (Politics and Culture in Womens History,  Feminist Studies  1980.) Other womens history scholars find that the subjective approach enriches political analysis. Subjectivity theory has also been applied to other studies, including examining history (or other fields) from a standpoint of postcolonialism, multiculturalism, and anti-racism. In the womens movement, the slogan the personal is political was another form of recognizing subjectivity.   Rather than analyzing issues as if they were objective, or outside of the people analyzing, feminists looked at personal experience, woman as subject. Objectivity The goal of  objectivity  in the study of history refers to having a perspective that is free of bias, personal perspective, and personal interest.   A critique of this idea is at the core of many feminist and post-modernist approaches to history: the idea that one can step completely outside ones own history,experience and perspective is an illusion.   All accounts of history choose which facts to include and which to exclude, and come to conclusions that are opinions and interpretations.   Its not possible to completely know ones own prejudices or to see the world from other than ones own perspective, this theory proposes.   Thus, most traditional studies of history, by leaving out the experience of women, pretend to be objective but in fact are also subjective. Feminist theorist Sandra Harding has developed a theory that research which is based on womens actual experiences is actually more objective than the usual androcentric (male-centered) historical approaches.   She calls this strong objectivity.   In this view, rather than simply rejecting objectivity, the historian uses the experience of those usually considered other -- including women -- to add to the total picture of history.

Effects Of Obesity On The Low Income Population Of...

TO: Governor Bryant From: Amna Robadi, RE: Obesity Policy Analysis Date: April 23, 2015 Problem Statement What measures should Governor Bryant take to reduce childhood obesity in the low-income population of Mississippi? Background According to the recent data, Mississippi now has the highest adult obesity rate in the nation. Mississippi s adult obesity rate is 35.1 percent, up from 28.1 percent in 2004 and from 15.0 percent in 1990 (2015 Mississippi Obesity Action Plan). Obesity is also affecting children in Mississippi, 44% of Mississippi children are obese or overweight. According to the Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) 2013 data, a total of 18,749 (15.4%) Mississippi public high school students were obese. The high rates of obesity in Mississippi cause great concern because overweight children are more likely to become obese or overweight adult when they become an adult. Health issues that linked to obesity are numerous and severe: obese children are more than twice as likely to have type 2 diabetes as children of normal weight (CDC, 2014). Also, obese children are more likely to miss more school days and demonstrate lower academic performance (Mississippi Obesity Action Plan, 2015). As more people suffer from obesity health complications, there are economic impact as a result of lost productivity and health cost. Mississippi estimated annual healthcare cost attributed to adult obesity (in 2003 dollars) is $757 million, of which $223 million is costShow MoreRelatedSocioeconomic Status And Health Care933 Words   |  4 Pagescom (Elizabeth Boskey, 2014), socioeconomic status is defined as a arrangement of elements including income, level of education, and occupation. It is a way of looking at how individuals or families fit into society using economic and social measures that have been shown to influence individuals health and well-being. 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This condition is very common and usually self treatable rather you choose to diet or exercises which are great strategies for losing weight. Obesity increases your risk of developing relatedRead MoreLow Income Residents : The United States Department Of Agriculture1420 Words   |  6 PagesLow-income residents with very little access to healthy food items are commonly known as â€Å"food deserts†. Definitions of this term may very bu t the phrase was first used in 1990 by researchers in the United Kingdom. â€Å"Food deserts† became a popular word in the United States by 2003 to describe certain areas of Mississippi that were nowhere near supermarkets. The United States Department of Agriculture recognized â€Å"food deserts† as regions with very little access to affordable and nutritious foods, predominantlyRead MoreEffects Of Obesity On America And Is Reaching All Time Heights879 Words   |  4 PagesBradshaw AP Psychology May 7, 2015 Research Paper Obesity has been on the rise in America and is reaching all time heights. Obesity in America is at 27.7 percent and 1 in 5 children in America are obese currently and many will have to deal with it throughout their lifetime. With almost a third of our population struggling with this problem, the increasing obesity rates are becoming a major concern. Even though there isn’t a single answer to why obesity has become so prevalent, there are many contributingRead MoreEssay about Childhood Obesity in African American Children1306 Words   |  6 PagesChildhood obesity is a consequential medical condition that effects the youth and adolescence of society. This disorder creates health problems that were once only seen in adults, such as diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Although childhood obesity is a world wide issue, the percentage of overweight children differs, especially throughout the United States. Today, the greatest population suffering from this disease are African A merican children who reside in the southern part of the countryRead MoreChildhood Obesity As A Public Health Problem2400 Words   |  10 Pages1. Child Obesity as a Public Health Problem Childhood obesity is a serious public health problem that is increasingly affecting children and adolescents in the United States. Obesity occurs when an individual is clearly over the normal weight for his or her age and height. It is the result of children eating more calories then they are burning through physical activity. Genetic factors are also a common cause of obesity. A tool to measure whether one is obese or underweight is the body mass indexRead MoreEssay on Low Income Families Living in Food Deserts1326 Words   |  6 PagesMany of the people living in food deserts are people with low income. These low-income families often turn to the junk food provided at the convenience stores and fast food restaurants because it is all they can afford. Socio-economic status is a defining characteristic of food deserts. Food deserts are most commonly found in areas dominated by minorities and low-income families. Studies show that wealthy areas have about triple the amount of supe rmarkets as poor urban areas do. In addition to thisRead MoreOur Built Environment And Its Effects On The Population2010 Words   |  9 PagesEnvironment and its Effects on the Population When many people consider their health the building they are standing in does not likely come to mind, but scientist research has found the built environment around us may correlate directly to our health outcome. These buildings are considered the built environment. In fact, the built environment includes all buildings, spaces, and products created or modified by people (article source). It is important to ensure safety and positive health incomes for our communities

Corporate Entrepreneurship and Information Technology

Question: Discuss about the Corporate Entrepreneurship and Information Technology. Answer: Human resource management and employee retention Human resource management has been considered to be the most crucial department which helps in managing the entire firm as well as the employees associated with the concerned firm. The literature review on the retaining the employees critically explains the practices of the Human Resource Management in enhancing the overall performance of the concerned firm. As per (Finney, M. 2008), there are different ways followed by many of the well-known firms to retain their employees within the firm as this helps in maintaining the desired balance of the business processes executed by the firm. There are various factors which significantly affect the retention of the employees within any of the organization concerned. The past researchers have critically evaluated the desired fact that there are some of the motivational factors which help in providing the desired sense of encouragement to the employees which enhance their overall performance towards the firm. The rewarding of the employees, ap praisal programs as well as the incentives schemes are considered to be very beneficial to preserve the workforce inside the concerned association. Furthermore, the Human Resource Management desires to classify the preferred needs of the workers and they should offer the opportunity for growth as this will enhance the performance of the employees and will boost their moral values. The past researchers have evaluated the desired fact that the most crucial responsibility of the HR managers is to recruit the highly skilled employees and provide certain means of training to them in order to increase the profitability of the concerned firm. According to (Haar, J., and White, B. 2011) the employees plays the most crucial part in managing the effective decisions related to the execution of the business process and therefore they need to be retained by various means for the significant expansion of the firm. The training method helps in increasing the skills along with the ability of the em ployees while assisting the employees and finally this attracts a large number of the consumers towards the concerned food organization. Throughout the food industry, the human resource management executes the vital role in maintaining the employees along with the concerned customers. As per (Kaye, B., and Jordan-Evans, S. 2015), the work-life balance is extremely important for any of the concerned firms as it affect the retention of the employees within the concerned organization. The HR manager needs to understand as well as recognize the needs of the workforce and must offer them the preferred amenities as the retaining of the staff are considered to be of immense importance for the sustainability of the firm. Cost of employee turnover The cost which is caused to the firm, when employees leave the concerned organization in a definite period of time is known to be the cost of employee turnover. As per the past researchers, the employee turnover is the desired rotation of the employees within the concerned labor market segments among the jobs as well as occupations or among the desired states of unemployment and the states of employment. Therefore, it becomes very crucial for the management team of the concerned firm to take immediate steps in retaining the employees within their firm. According to (Kreitz, P., and DeVries, J. 2013), there are several methods discussed by the past researchers to motivate as well as encourages the employees for staying with the concerned organization. The employee turnover significantly affects the entire business process of the concerned organization, therefore it is extremely crucial for any of the business to recognize the preferred wishes or the wishes of the employees and fulfill their wants as this helps to preserve the people inside the concerned association. The Human Resource Managers should provide desired sense of motivation in order to increase the willpower of the apprehensive workforce as this assists in increasing the overall profitability of the firm. There are certain programs as well as the schemes which motivate the respective employees. If the demands, as well as the requirements of the employees, are not fulfilled, then employees leave the firm and it increases the cost of employee turnover (Mishra, S. 2013). The organizational factor also creates a great impact on retaining the employees within the firm. It is evident to know that the employees need to be praised for their hard and work towards the firm as this boosts desired sense of encouragement to the concerned employees associated with the firm. Therefore, it becomes very crucial for any of the firms to develop effective strategies for retaining the employees within the organization. I t has been seen that job satisfaction is considered to be on top priority by the different employees engaged with the different firms. As per the past researchers, the management team needs to understand the desired link between the satisfaction as well as the commitment. Factors affecting retention and strategies for employee retention There are several factors which affect employee retention within the concerned firm. Some of the crucial factors are the higher value of salary, promotions of the posts as well as maintaining their work-life balance draws the desired attention of the employees within the firm. Compensation, rewards, and the desired training, as well as development of the skills, helps in retaining the employees and these are some of the crucial factors for employees (Tangthong, S., Trimetsoontorn, J. and Rojniruntikul, N. 2014). It is crucial for the Human Resource managers to provide desired career development opportunities to all of the employees associated with the organization. Furthermore, many of the well-known researchers have evaluated the fact that the employees are considered to be the key assets of any of the firm as they help in increasing the profitability as well as the productivity of the concerned firm. It is the desired strength of any of the organization to understand their bonding with their respective employees as this helps in increasing the effectiveness and the efficiency of the concerned workplace. As per (V.B.Devibala, V., Dr.P.Anbuoli, D. And T.Jothimurugan, T. 2011) career developing opportunities attracts a large number of the new employees within the firm and facilitate to maintain the old staff inside the firm concerned. There needs to be supervisor support to all of the employees concerned within the desired workplace as this will help in amplifying the willingness of the respective employees associated with the firm. The leaders needs get in touch with the employees and they should solve the issues of the employees as this helps to offer the preferred sense of satisfaction to the employees. The work environment is one of the crucial factors which create the desired impact on the retention of the employees within the concerned firm (Varma, A. and Budhwar, P. 2013). The effectiveness of the work environment helps in attracting the employees towards the firm. The different type of the incentives schemes assist in generating the most wanted impact on the workers. The work pressure needs to be balanced in order to augment the effectiveness of the employees and moreover, it also enhances the performance of the employees. There are crucial effects of the employee turnover on the entire firm and this sometimes affects the growth of the concerned firm. Reduction in the work pressure as well as maintaining the work-life balance increases the retaining of the workers within the firm. References Finney, M. (2008).Building high-performance people and organizations. Westport, Conn.: Praeger. Haar, J. and White, B. (2011). Corporate entrepreneurship and information technology towards employee retention: a study of New Zealand firms.Human Resource Management Journal, 23(1), pp.109-125. Kaye, B. and Jordan-Evans, S. (2015).Hello Stay Interviews, Goodbye Talent Loss. Oakland: Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Kreitz, P. and DeVries, J. (2013).Recruiting Training and Retention of Science and Technology Librarians. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. Mishra, S. (2013). Is Client Retention more Important than Employee Retention - A Case Study on Indian PR Agency? Adhyayan: A Journal of Management Sciences, 3(2). Tangthong, S., Trimetsoontorn, J. and Rojniruntikul, N. (2014). HRM Practices and Employee Retention in ThailandA Literature Review.International Journal of Trade, Economics, and Finance, 5(2), pp.162-166. V.B.Devibala, V., Dr.P.Anbuoli, D. And T.Jothimurugan, T. (2011). The reason for Employee Retention.IJAR, 4(4), pp.79-81. Varma, A. and Budhwar, P. (2013).Managing human resources in Asia-Pacific. Hoboken: Routledge, Taylor, and Francis Group. Varma, A. and Budhwar, P. (2013).Managing human resources in Asia-Pacific. Hoboken: Routledge, Taylor, and Francis Group.

Mercy Killing An Ethical Argument with Regards to the Future

Mercy killing has been defined as the act of terminating life in a way that alleviates pain and suffering (Brill, 166). Over the years, the ethical nature of mercy killing has been largely debated.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Mercy Killing: An Ethical Argument with Regards to the Future specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Currently, only a few countries have legalized voluntary euthanasia. Although some people argue that mercy killing alleviates pain and is mainly a matter of choice for those requesting it, the act should be done away with since it demeans life. The future is built upon hope for better thing and mercy killing is in a form, the abandonment of hope. Mercy killing goes against all the principles of sustainability and as such should be done away with. In order to form a valid argument it is important to understand the types of mercy killing. There are two types of mercy killing (euthanasia): Vo luntary and involuntary euthanasia. Voluntary euthanasia is referred to as mercy killing by consent while involuntary occurs without the consent of the patient (Griffith and Tengnah. 356). Under law, voluntary euthanasia is usually acceptable under certain conditions however this does not speak to the ethical nature of the act. Under close investigation, it can be proven that the act is highly unethical regardless of the type. First, mercy killing highly depends on the mental competency of the patient. The mental competency of patients who have undergone years of pain and suffering is usually under question (Lesser, 331). Some of these patients may be under pressure from their caretakers to end their lives. The pressure may be in the form of guilt whereby the patient feels that by committing suicide he or she may alleviate the suffering they are imposing on their love ones (Gill and Voss, 8). The act therefore may be not exclusively the wishes of the patient. Mercy killing opens pat hways with which unscrupulous relatives and caregivers may put undue pressure on the patient to engage in the act. While the patient may be able to provide the consent, the reasons behind it are questionable as they not only relate on their level of suffering or pain. Patients who are in comas may also be subject to mercy killing with the validation that they are in pain. However, it is impossible to say for certain that these patients actually feel pain and the degree of pain these patients feel. Mercy killing under this situation cannot be justified in any way.Advertising Looking for term paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Secondly, mercy killing might act as an obstacle to medical development due to reduced motivation. When the AIDS virus first appeared, many people thought that it was incurable. Those suffering from the virus were so scared of their impending doom that they opted for suicide. Howeve r, over the years, many medications have been developed that have made the disease manageable with patients living meaningful, long lives. According to Brill (166), many physicians do agree that it is impossible to point out which diseases are incurable. By allowing mercy killing, people not only act impatiently but also impede the motivation behind the development of new cures and developments that may prolong life (Savage, 330). Technological development in the modern world takes place in a very fast pace. It is impossible to say what will be developed tomorrow or the day after that may serve as a reprieve for patients from pain and suffering. Mercy killing does not focus on the future but rather on the present and mainly the past. How can something be termed as right if it negates the possibility for others to receive better treatment in the future? Regardless of personal feelings, society has a responsibility of preserving and maintaining life for as long as possible. The invent ion of life support machines seeks to prolong life as long as possible while alternate cures or medical procedures are being investigated. By randomly killing those deem incurable or terminally ill, we also kill the motivation for the development of better medicines or procedures that may save people in the future or eliminate the sickness completely. Mercy killing also promotes discrimination against those who are terminally ill and those with incurable illnesses. The government usually spends a lot of money caring for the terminally ill and those with incurable diseases. It is therefore advantageous for those who have been declared physically and mentally incurable to be allowed to die. According to Savage (330), Mike Ervin a journalist with muscle dystrophy argued that although he requires 24 hour care every day, he is still a functioning member of society. He adds that mercy killing is demoralizing as it acts as a reminder of how the sick and those with disabilities are unwelcom ed by the society. Lesser points out that mercy killing may lead humanity to situation he terms as â€Å"the slippery slope† (332). He argues that mercy killing may be used as it was used in Nazi Germany to purify the race. If mercy killings for those who are terminally ill or with incurable diseases are allowed, who will stop the elimination of the old, mentally ill or criminally insane? Society has a lot of individuals who can be termed as socially unfit hence a liability to the society.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Mercy Killing: An Ethical Argument with Regards to the Future specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More When mercy killing is accepted by the society, it is a matter of time before these social misfits are subjected to death under the guise of mercy killing. Those suffering from hunger and famine, unable to support themselves might soon find themselves being â€Å"put down† for their o wn good. The search for a pure race has always existed amongst society with people seeking for a disease free, intelligent and superior race (Lesser, 332). Mercy killing can thus serve as a starting point for the achievement of this dream in the future. Finally, mercy killing also destroys the fabric of human civilization: the rule of law. Civilization was built upon sympathy and the respect of life. In the past, the sick and those afflicted with incurable diseases were left out to die. The rule of law was founded upon moral and ethical principles. By allowing mercy killing, however justified, the line between plain murder and â€Å"assisted† suicide can become blurred (Griffith and Tengnah, 356). Many cases have been witnessed whereby the care takers take upon their own hands to terminate the lives of their patients. Savage (330) highlights a case where a mother shot her sons in the head as she believed that they were in too much suffering. By allowing mercy killings, cases like this can become very common. It is important to note that prolonged sickness makes it hard to distinguish who is suffering more, the caretakers or the patients themselves. Under too much stress, the caregivers might misinterpret their own pain with that of their patients. Human beings are just evolved animals with the same urges of killing. Mercy killing may thus become a common defense against murder (Savage, 329). If voluntary mercy killing is allowed or justified by society, it can be used to take the lives of those who did not request it. Finally, people claim that everyone has a right to choose whether to live or die. However, when the rights of one person infringe upon the rights of many, that right is negated under law. When mercy killing is allowed for one person, it may act as a precedence whereby others suffering from the same condition are persuaded to follow the same action (Brill, 166). This is the same situation that takes place in mass suicide where people follow the teachings of one person believing it to be true and the only way. Society cannot take chance with mercy killing as the future of others depends on what is carried out by a few individuals. Mercy killing has elicited a lot of debate on its ethical nature and legality. Some governments have allowed mercy killing on the condition that is voluntary.Advertising Looking for term paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, it can be seen that mercy killing has to be stamped out completely in the world. If mercy killings are not eradicated, we might soon be living in a world whereby discrimination of the terminally ill or the disabled is rampart and the rule of law is twisted with murders being committed under the guise of mercy killings. Developments in medicine can also be hampered living countless people suffering from conditions that could have been cured given more patience and dedication. The main benefit of abolishing mercy killings is that life will always be valued by society. Nothing important happens when people are dead and it is only by preserving life that humanity develops and prospers. Pain and suffering is part of life, and while it is unfair for some to undergo extreme amount of these two, death can never be justified not when there are chances for a better tomorrow. Works Cited Brill, A. A. â€Å"Is ‘Mercy Killing’ Justified? With a Reply to Dr. Alexis Carrel,à ¢â‚¬  Vital Speeches of  the Day. Ed. Orgel, Samuel. New York: EBSCO publishing, 2003: 165-167 Gill, Carol and Larry Voss. â€Å"Views of Disabled People Regarding Legalized Assisted Suicide Before and After a Balanced Informational Presentation†. Journal of Disability Policy  Studies 16.1 (2005): 6-15 Griffith, Richard and Cassam Tengnah. â€Å"Assisted Suicide: Increased Support for a Change in the Law.† British Journal of Community Nursing 14.8 (2010): 356-362 Lesser, Harry. â€Å"Should it be Legal to Assist Suicide?† Journal of Evaluation in Clinical  Practice 16 (2010): 330-334 Savage, Teresa. â€Å"An Argument Against Mercy Killing: A response to Caitlin’s ‘Normalization, Chronic Sorrow and Murder’.† Pediatric Ethics, Issues, and Commentary 29.4 (2003): 329-330 This term paper on Mercy Killing: An Ethical Argument with Regards to the Future was written and submitted by user PhilCoulson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.