What Is Subjectivity in Womens History and Gender Studies

In postmodernist theory,  subjectivity  means to take the perspective of the individual self, rather than some neutral,  objective, perspective, from outside the selfs experience.   Feminist theory takes note that in much of the writing about history, philosophy and psychology, the male experience is usually the focus.   A womens history approach to history takes seriously the selves of individual women, and their lived experience, not just as linked to the experience of males. As an approach to womens history, subjectivity looks at how a woman herself (the subject) lived and saw her role in life.   Subjectivity takes seriously the experience of women as human beings and individuals.   Subjectivity looks at how women saw their activities and roles as contributing (or not) to her identity and meaning. Subjectivity is an attempt to see history from the perspective of the individuals who lived that history, especially including ordinary women. Subjectivity requires taking seriously womens consciousness. Key features of a subjective approach to womens history: it is a qualitative rather than quantitative studyemotion is taken seriouslyit requires a kind of historic empathy it takes seriously the lived experience of women In the subjective approach, the historian asks not only how gender defines womens treatment, occupations, and so on, but also how women perceive the personal, social and political meanings of being female. From Nancy F. Cott and Elizabeth H. Pleck, A Heritage of Her Own, Introduction. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy explains it this way: Since women have been cast as lesser forms of the masculine individual, the paradigm of the self that has gained ascendancy in U.S. popular culture and in Western philosophy is derived from the experience of the predominantly white and heterosexual, mostly economically advantaged men who have wielded social, economic, and political power and who have dominated the arts, literature, the media, and scholarship.   Thus, an approach that considers subjectivity may redefine cultural concepts even of the self because that concept has represented a male norm rather than a more general human norm -- or rather, the male norm has been taken to  be  the equivalent of the general human norm, not taking into account actual experiences and consciousness of women. Others have noted that male philosophical and psychological history is often based on the idea of separating from the mother in order to develop a self -- and so maternal bodies are seen as instrumental to human (usually male) experience. Simone de Beauvoir, when she wrote  Ã¢â‚¬Å"He is the Subject, he is the Absolute—she is the Other,†Ã‚  summarized the problem for feminists that subjectivity is meant to address: that through most of human history, philosophy and history have seen the world through male eyes, seeing other men as part of the subject of history, and seeing women as Other, non-subjects, secondary, even aberrations. Ellen Carol DuBois is among those who challenged this emphasis: There is a very sneaky kind of antifeminism here... because it tends to ignore politics. (Politics and Culture in Womens History,  Feminist Studies  1980.) Other womens history scholars find that the subjective approach enriches political analysis. Subjectivity theory has also been applied to other studies, including examining history (or other fields) from a standpoint of postcolonialism, multiculturalism, and anti-racism. In the womens movement, the slogan the personal is political was another form of recognizing subjectivity.   Rather than analyzing issues as if they were objective, or outside of the people analyzing, feminists looked at personal experience, woman as subject. Objectivity The goal of  objectivity  in the study of history refers to having a perspective that is free of bias, personal perspective, and personal interest.   A critique of this idea is at the core of many feminist and post-modernist approaches to history: the idea that one can step completely outside ones own history,experience and perspective is an illusion.   All accounts of history choose which facts to include and which to exclude, and come to conclusions that are opinions and interpretations.   Its not possible to completely know ones own prejudices or to see the world from other than ones own perspective, this theory proposes.   Thus, most traditional studies of history, by leaving out the experience of women, pretend to be objective but in fact are also subjective. Feminist theorist Sandra Harding has developed a theory that research which is based on womens actual experiences is actually more objective than the usual androcentric (male-centered) historical approaches.   She calls this strong objectivity.   In this view, rather than simply rejecting objectivity, the historian uses the experience of those usually considered other -- including women -- to add to the total picture of history.

Effects Of Obesity On The Low Income Population Of...

TO: Governor Bryant From: Amna Robadi, RE: Obesity Policy Analysis Date: April 23, 2015 Problem Statement What measures should Governor Bryant take to reduce childhood obesity in the low-income population of Mississippi? Background According to the recent data, Mississippi now has the highest adult obesity rate in the nation. Mississippi s adult obesity rate is 35.1 percent, up from 28.1 percent in 2004 and from 15.0 percent in 1990 (2015 Mississippi Obesity Action Plan). Obesity is also affecting children in Mississippi, 44% of Mississippi children are obese or overweight. According to the Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) 2013 data, a total of 18,749 (15.4%) Mississippi public high school students were obese. The high rates of obesity in Mississippi cause great concern because overweight children are more likely to become obese or overweight adult when they become an adult. Health issues that linked to obesity are numerous and severe: obese children are more than twice as likely to have type 2 diabetes as children of normal weight (CDC, 2014). Also, obese children are more likely to miss more school days and demonstrate lower academic performance (Mississippi Obesity Action Plan, 2015). As more people suffer from obesity health complications, there are economic impact as a result of lost productivity and health cost. Mississippi estimated annual healthcare cost attributed to adult obesity (in 2003 dollars) is $757 million, of which $223 million is costShow MoreRelatedSocioeconomic Status And Health Care933 Words   |  4 Pagescom (Elizabeth Boskey, 2014), socioeconomic status is defined as a arrangement of elements including income, level of education, and occupation. It is a way of looking at how individuals or families fit into society using economic and social measures that have been shown to influence individuals health and well-being. Socioeconomic status is broken into three categories: high, middle, and low social economic status. These three categories are used to describe the three areas a family or an individualRead MoreAffordable Care Act And Obamacare1171 Words   |  5 PagesWith being one of the sickest and poorest states in the United States , in what ways can the state of Mississippi increase the overall compliance of all residents having health care coverage as well as reducing the amount of non-emergent visits to the Emergency Room by adopting the Affordable Care Act (in its entirety)? In what ways can guidance provided by other countries help the state in closing the gap in availability, affordability, and coverage? Background: The Patient Protection and AffordableRead MoreTeam Blaze : Addressing Childhood Obesity1885 Words   |  8 Pages Team BLAZE: Addressing Childhood Obesity in the Mississippi Delta Kathy Atkins, Jessica Barthelemy, Brittany Booker, Brooke Buchanan, Shelley Burkett, and Laurence Cicilio The University of Alabama at Birmingham NUR 610: Healthcare Systems for Advanced Nursing Practice Summer 2015 Project Description Project Purpose and Basis Team BLAZE (Beginning Life with AmaZing Examples) is a project designed to decrease childhood obesity in low income school districts. Team BLAZE is a schoolRead MoreObesity : A Common Disorder Essay982 Words   |  4 PagesObesity is defined as being grossly fat or overweight. It’s a common disorder involving excessive body fat that increases the risk of health problems. Obesity is also a chronic disease that can have a negative effect on many systems in your body. It is classified as having a Body Mass Index(BMI) of 30 or greater. This condition is very common and usually self treatable rather you choose to diet or exercises which are great strategies for losing weight. Obesity increases your risk of developing relatedRead MoreLow Income Residents : The United States Department Of Agriculture1420 Words   |  6 PagesLow-income residents with very little access to healthy food items are commonly known as â€Å"food deserts†. Definitions of this term may very bu t the phrase was first used in 1990 by researchers in the United Kingdom. â€Å"Food deserts† became a popular word in the United States by 2003 to describe certain areas of Mississippi that were nowhere near supermarkets. The United States Department of Agriculture recognized â€Å"food deserts† as regions with very little access to affordable and nutritious foods, predominantlyRead MoreEffects Of Obesity On America And Is Reaching All Time Heights879 Words   |  4 PagesBradshaw AP Psychology May 7, 2015 Research Paper Obesity has been on the rise in America and is reaching all time heights. Obesity in America is at 27.7 percent and 1 in 5 children in America are obese currently and many will have to deal with it throughout their lifetime. With almost a third of our population struggling with this problem, the increasing obesity rates are becoming a major concern. Even though there isn’t a single answer to why obesity has become so prevalent, there are many contributingRead MoreEssay about Childhood Obesity in African American Children1306 Words   |  6 PagesChildhood obesity is a consequential medical condition that effects the youth and adolescence of society. This disorder creates health problems that were once only seen in adults, such as diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Although childhood obesity is a world wide issue, the percentage of overweight children differs, especially throughout the United States. Today, the greatest population suffering from this disease are African A merican children who reside in the southern part of the countryRead MoreChildhood Obesity As A Public Health Problem2400 Words   |  10 Pages1. Child Obesity as a Public Health Problem Childhood obesity is a serious public health problem that is increasingly affecting children and adolescents in the United States. Obesity occurs when an individual is clearly over the normal weight for his or her age and height. It is the result of children eating more calories then they are burning through physical activity. Genetic factors are also a common cause of obesity. A tool to measure whether one is obese or underweight is the body mass indexRead MoreEssay on Low Income Families Living in Food Deserts1326 Words   |  6 PagesMany of the people living in food deserts are people with low income. These low-income families often turn to the junk food provided at the convenience stores and fast food restaurants because it is all they can afford. Socio-economic status is a defining characteristic of food deserts. Food deserts are most commonly found in areas dominated by minorities and low-income families. Studies show that wealthy areas have about triple the amount of supe rmarkets as poor urban areas do. In addition to thisRead MoreOur Built Environment And Its Effects On The Population2010 Words   |  9 PagesEnvironment and its Effects on the Population When many people consider their health the building they are standing in does not likely come to mind, but scientist research has found the built environment around us may correlate directly to our health outcome. These buildings are considered the built environment. In fact, the built environment includes all buildings, spaces, and products created or modified by people (article source). It is important to ensure safety and positive health incomes for our communities

Corporate Entrepreneurship and Information Technology

Question: Discuss about the Corporate Entrepreneurship and Information Technology. Answer: Human resource management and employee retention Human resource management has been considered to be the most crucial department which helps in managing the entire firm as well as the employees associated with the concerned firm. The literature review on the retaining the employees critically explains the practices of the Human Resource Management in enhancing the overall performance of the concerned firm. As per (Finney, M. 2008), there are different ways followed by many of the well-known firms to retain their employees within the firm as this helps in maintaining the desired balance of the business processes executed by the firm. There are various factors which significantly affect the retention of the employees within any of the organization concerned. The past researchers have critically evaluated the desired fact that there are some of the motivational factors which help in providing the desired sense of encouragement to the employees which enhance their overall performance towards the firm. The rewarding of the employees, ap praisal programs as well as the incentives schemes are considered to be very beneficial to preserve the workforce inside the concerned association. Furthermore, the Human Resource Management desires to classify the preferred needs of the workers and they should offer the opportunity for growth as this will enhance the performance of the employees and will boost their moral values. The past researchers have evaluated the desired fact that the most crucial responsibility of the HR managers is to recruit the highly skilled employees and provide certain means of training to them in order to increase the profitability of the concerned firm. According to (Haar, J., and White, B. 2011) the employees plays the most crucial part in managing the effective decisions related to the execution of the business process and therefore they need to be retained by various means for the significant expansion of the firm. The training method helps in increasing the skills along with the ability of the em ployees while assisting the employees and finally this attracts a large number of the consumers towards the concerned food organization. Throughout the food industry, the human resource management executes the vital role in maintaining the employees along with the concerned customers. As per (Kaye, B., and Jordan-Evans, S. 2015), the work-life balance is extremely important for any of the concerned firms as it affect the retention of the employees within the concerned organization. The HR manager needs to understand as well as recognize the needs of the workforce and must offer them the preferred amenities as the retaining of the staff are considered to be of immense importance for the sustainability of the firm. Cost of employee turnover The cost which is caused to the firm, when employees leave the concerned organization in a definite period of time is known to be the cost of employee turnover. As per the past researchers, the employee turnover is the desired rotation of the employees within the concerned labor market segments among the jobs as well as occupations or among the desired states of unemployment and the states of employment. Therefore, it becomes very crucial for the management team of the concerned firm to take immediate steps in retaining the employees within their firm. According to (Kreitz, P., and DeVries, J. 2013), there are several methods discussed by the past researchers to motivate as well as encourages the employees for staying with the concerned organization. The employee turnover significantly affects the entire business process of the concerned organization, therefore it is extremely crucial for any of the business to recognize the preferred wishes or the wishes of the employees and fulfill their wants as this helps to preserve the people inside the concerned association. The Human Resource Managers should provide desired sense of motivation in order to increase the willpower of the apprehensive workforce as this assists in increasing the overall profitability of the firm. There are certain programs as well as the schemes which motivate the respective employees. If the demands, as well as the requirements of the employees, are not fulfilled, then employees leave the firm and it increases the cost of employee turnover (Mishra, S. 2013). The organizational factor also creates a great impact on retaining the employees within the firm. It is evident to know that the employees need to be praised for their hard and work towards the firm as this boosts desired sense of encouragement to the concerned employees associated with the firm. Therefore, it becomes very crucial for any of the firms to develop effective strategies for retaining the employees within the organization. I t has been seen that job satisfaction is considered to be on top priority by the different employees engaged with the different firms. As per the past researchers, the management team needs to understand the desired link between the satisfaction as well as the commitment. Factors affecting retention and strategies for employee retention There are several factors which affect employee retention within the concerned firm. Some of the crucial factors are the higher value of salary, promotions of the posts as well as maintaining their work-life balance draws the desired attention of the employees within the firm. Compensation, rewards, and the desired training, as well as development of the skills, helps in retaining the employees and these are some of the crucial factors for employees (Tangthong, S., Trimetsoontorn, J. and Rojniruntikul, N. 2014). It is crucial for the Human Resource managers to provide desired career development opportunities to all of the employees associated with the organization. Furthermore, many of the well-known researchers have evaluated the fact that the employees are considered to be the key assets of any of the firm as they help in increasing the profitability as well as the productivity of the concerned firm. It is the desired strength of any of the organization to understand their bonding with their respective employees as this helps in increasing the effectiveness and the efficiency of the concerned workplace. As per (V.B.Devibala, V., Dr.P.Anbuoli, D. And T.Jothimurugan, T. 2011) career developing opportunities attracts a large number of the new employees within the firm and facilitate to maintain the old staff inside the firm concerned. There needs to be supervisor support to all of the employees concerned within the desired workplace as this will help in amplifying the willingness of the respective employees associated with the firm. The leaders needs get in touch with the employees and they should solve the issues of the employees as this helps to offer the preferred sense of satisfaction to the employees. The work environment is one of the crucial factors which create the desired impact on the retention of the employees within the concerned firm (Varma, A. and Budhwar, P. 2013). The effectiveness of the work environment helps in attracting the employees towards the firm. The different type of the incentives schemes assist in generating the most wanted impact on the workers. The work pressure needs to be balanced in order to augment the effectiveness of the employees and moreover, it also enhances the performance of the employees. There are crucial effects of the employee turnover on the entire firm and this sometimes affects the growth of the concerned firm. Reduction in the work pressure as well as maintaining the work-life balance increases the retaining of the workers within the firm. References Finney, M. (2008).Building high-performance people and organizations. Westport, Conn.: Praeger. Haar, J. and White, B. (2011). Corporate entrepreneurship and information technology towards employee retention: a study of New Zealand firms.Human Resource Management Journal, 23(1), pp.109-125. Kaye, B. and Jordan-Evans, S. (2015).Hello Stay Interviews, Goodbye Talent Loss. Oakland: Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Kreitz, P. and DeVries, J. (2013).Recruiting Training and Retention of Science and Technology Librarians. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. Mishra, S. (2013). Is Client Retention more Important than Employee Retention - A Case Study on Indian PR Agency? Adhyayan: A Journal of Management Sciences, 3(2). Tangthong, S., Trimetsoontorn, J. and Rojniruntikul, N. (2014). HRM Practices and Employee Retention in ThailandA Literature Review.International Journal of Trade, Economics, and Finance, 5(2), pp.162-166. V.B.Devibala, V., Dr.P.Anbuoli, D. And T.Jothimurugan, T. (2011). The reason for Employee Retention.IJAR, 4(4), pp.79-81. Varma, A. and Budhwar, P. (2013).Managing human resources in Asia-Pacific. Hoboken: Routledge, Taylor, and Francis Group. Varma, A. and Budhwar, P. (2013).Managing human resources in Asia-Pacific. Hoboken: Routledge, Taylor, and Francis Group.

Mercy Killing An Ethical Argument with Regards to the Future

Mercy killing has been defined as the act of terminating life in a way that alleviates pain and suffering (Brill, 166). Over the years, the ethical nature of mercy killing has been largely debated.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Mercy Killing: An Ethical Argument with Regards to the Future specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Currently, only a few countries have legalized voluntary euthanasia. Although some people argue that mercy killing alleviates pain and is mainly a matter of choice for those requesting it, the act should be done away with since it demeans life. The future is built upon hope for better thing and mercy killing is in a form, the abandonment of hope. Mercy killing goes against all the principles of sustainability and as such should be done away with. In order to form a valid argument it is important to understand the types of mercy killing. There are two types of mercy killing (euthanasia): Vo luntary and involuntary euthanasia. Voluntary euthanasia is referred to as mercy killing by consent while involuntary occurs without the consent of the patient (Griffith and Tengnah. 356). Under law, voluntary euthanasia is usually acceptable under certain conditions however this does not speak to the ethical nature of the act. Under close investigation, it can be proven that the act is highly unethical regardless of the type. First, mercy killing highly depends on the mental competency of the patient. The mental competency of patients who have undergone years of pain and suffering is usually under question (Lesser, 331). Some of these patients may be under pressure from their caretakers to end their lives. The pressure may be in the form of guilt whereby the patient feels that by committing suicide he or she may alleviate the suffering they are imposing on their love ones (Gill and Voss, 8). The act therefore may be not exclusively the wishes of the patient. Mercy killing opens pat hways with which unscrupulous relatives and caregivers may put undue pressure on the patient to engage in the act. While the patient may be able to provide the consent, the reasons behind it are questionable as they not only relate on their level of suffering or pain. Patients who are in comas may also be subject to mercy killing with the validation that they are in pain. However, it is impossible to say for certain that these patients actually feel pain and the degree of pain these patients feel. Mercy killing under this situation cannot be justified in any way.Advertising Looking for term paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Secondly, mercy killing might act as an obstacle to medical development due to reduced motivation. When the AIDS virus first appeared, many people thought that it was incurable. Those suffering from the virus were so scared of their impending doom that they opted for suicide. Howeve r, over the years, many medications have been developed that have made the disease manageable with patients living meaningful, long lives. According to Brill (166), many physicians do agree that it is impossible to point out which diseases are incurable. By allowing mercy killing, people not only act impatiently but also impede the motivation behind the development of new cures and developments that may prolong life (Savage, 330). Technological development in the modern world takes place in a very fast pace. It is impossible to say what will be developed tomorrow or the day after that may serve as a reprieve for patients from pain and suffering. Mercy killing does not focus on the future but rather on the present and mainly the past. How can something be termed as right if it negates the possibility for others to receive better treatment in the future? Regardless of personal feelings, society has a responsibility of preserving and maintaining life for as long as possible. The invent ion of life support machines seeks to prolong life as long as possible while alternate cures or medical procedures are being investigated. By randomly killing those deem incurable or terminally ill, we also kill the motivation for the development of better medicines or procedures that may save people in the future or eliminate the sickness completely. Mercy killing also promotes discrimination against those who are terminally ill and those with incurable illnesses. The government usually spends a lot of money caring for the terminally ill and those with incurable diseases. It is therefore advantageous for those who have been declared physically and mentally incurable to be allowed to die. According to Savage (330), Mike Ervin a journalist with muscle dystrophy argued that although he requires 24 hour care every day, he is still a functioning member of society. He adds that mercy killing is demoralizing as it acts as a reminder of how the sick and those with disabilities are unwelcom ed by the society. Lesser points out that mercy killing may lead humanity to situation he terms as â€Å"the slippery slope† (332). He argues that mercy killing may be used as it was used in Nazi Germany to purify the race. If mercy killings for those who are terminally ill or with incurable diseases are allowed, who will stop the elimination of the old, mentally ill or criminally insane? Society has a lot of individuals who can be termed as socially unfit hence a liability to the society.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Mercy Killing: An Ethical Argument with Regards to the Future specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More When mercy killing is accepted by the society, it is a matter of time before these social misfits are subjected to death under the guise of mercy killing. Those suffering from hunger and famine, unable to support themselves might soon find themselves being â€Å"put down† for their o wn good. The search for a pure race has always existed amongst society with people seeking for a disease free, intelligent and superior race (Lesser, 332). Mercy killing can thus serve as a starting point for the achievement of this dream in the future. Finally, mercy killing also destroys the fabric of human civilization: the rule of law. Civilization was built upon sympathy and the respect of life. In the past, the sick and those afflicted with incurable diseases were left out to die. The rule of law was founded upon moral and ethical principles. By allowing mercy killing, however justified, the line between plain murder and â€Å"assisted† suicide can become blurred (Griffith and Tengnah, 356). Many cases have been witnessed whereby the care takers take upon their own hands to terminate the lives of their patients. Savage (330) highlights a case where a mother shot her sons in the head as she believed that they were in too much suffering. By allowing mercy killings, cases like this can become very common. It is important to note that prolonged sickness makes it hard to distinguish who is suffering more, the caretakers or the patients themselves. Under too much stress, the caregivers might misinterpret their own pain with that of their patients. Human beings are just evolved animals with the same urges of killing. Mercy killing may thus become a common defense against murder (Savage, 329). If voluntary mercy killing is allowed or justified by society, it can be used to take the lives of those who did not request it. Finally, people claim that everyone has a right to choose whether to live or die. However, when the rights of one person infringe upon the rights of many, that right is negated under law. When mercy killing is allowed for one person, it may act as a precedence whereby others suffering from the same condition are persuaded to follow the same action (Brill, 166). This is the same situation that takes place in mass suicide where people follow the teachings of one person believing it to be true and the only way. Society cannot take chance with mercy killing as the future of others depends on what is carried out by a few individuals. Mercy killing has elicited a lot of debate on its ethical nature and legality. Some governments have allowed mercy killing on the condition that is voluntary.Advertising Looking for term paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, it can be seen that mercy killing has to be stamped out completely in the world. If mercy killings are not eradicated, we might soon be living in a world whereby discrimination of the terminally ill or the disabled is rampart and the rule of law is twisted with murders being committed under the guise of mercy killings. Developments in medicine can also be hampered living countless people suffering from conditions that could have been cured given more patience and dedication. The main benefit of abolishing mercy killings is that life will always be valued by society. Nothing important happens when people are dead and it is only by preserving life that humanity develops and prospers. Pain and suffering is part of life, and while it is unfair for some to undergo extreme amount of these two, death can never be justified not when there are chances for a better tomorrow. Works Cited Brill, A. A. â€Å"Is ‘Mercy Killing’ Justified? With a Reply to Dr. Alexis Carrel,à ¢â‚¬  Vital Speeches of  the Day. Ed. Orgel, Samuel. New York: EBSCO publishing, 2003: 165-167 Gill, Carol and Larry Voss. â€Å"Views of Disabled People Regarding Legalized Assisted Suicide Before and After a Balanced Informational Presentation†. Journal of Disability Policy  Studies 16.1 (2005): 6-15 Griffith, Richard and Cassam Tengnah. â€Å"Assisted Suicide: Increased Support for a Change in the Law.† British Journal of Community Nursing 14.8 (2010): 356-362 Lesser, Harry. â€Å"Should it be Legal to Assist Suicide?† Journal of Evaluation in Clinical  Practice 16 (2010): 330-334 Savage, Teresa. â€Å"An Argument Against Mercy Killing: A response to Caitlin’s ‘Normalization, Chronic Sorrow and Murder’.† Pediatric Ethics, Issues, and Commentary 29.4 (2003): 329-330 This term paper on Mercy Killing: An Ethical Argument with Regards to the Future was written and submitted by user PhilCoulson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Emily Dickinson Essays (1283 words) - American Christians

Emily Dickinson Emily Dickinson is one of the most well known poets of her time. Though her life was outwardly uneventful, what went on inside her house behind closed doors is unbelievable. After her father died she met Reverend Charles Wadsworth. She soon came to regard him as one of her most trusted friends, and she created in his image the ?lover? whom she was never to know except in her imagination. It is also said that it was around 1812 when he was removed to San Fransico that she began her withdrawal from society. During this time she began to write many of her poems. She wrote mainly in private, guarding all of her poems from all but a few select friends. She did not write for fame, but instead as a way of expressing her feelings. In her lifetime only six of her poems were even printed; none of which had her consent. It was not until her death of Brights Disease in May of 1862, that many of her poems were even read (Chelsea House of Library Criticism 2837). Thus proving that the analysis on Emily Dickinson's poetry is some of the most emotionally felt works of the nineteenth century. Miss Dickinson is often compared with other poets and writers, but ?like Shakespeare, Miss Dickinson is without opinions? (Tate 86). ?Her verses and technical license often seem mysterious and can confuse critics, but after all is said, it is realized that like most poets Miss Dickinson is no more mysterious than a banker. It is said that Miss Dickinson's life was starved and unfulfilled and yet all pity is misdirected. She lived one of the richest and deepest lives ever on this continent. It was her own conscious choice to deliberately withdraw from society into her upstairs room (Tate 83). She kept to ?only a few select friends and the storm, wind, wild March sky, sunsets, dawns, birds, bees, and butterflies were sufficient companionship for Miss Dickinson? (Loomis 79). She dealt with a lot both physically and psychologically and in the end she still came out on the top. So as Allen Tate best said it ?in her own historical setting Miss Dickinson is nevertheless remarkable and speci al? (82). Thomas Higginson said that ?the main quality of her poems is that of extraordinary grasp and insight, uttered with an uneven vigor, which was all her own? (78). The works and phrases she uses shows that she was unconcerned with the fact that no one else could understand her poetry, but instead, she was satisfied by using mere words in order to fit her own ear (Higginson 78). Miss Dickinson's poetry was strictly confidential and written without the purpose of publication and merely as a way of expressing her own mind (Bloom 2838). ?Art forms were totally unknown to her, and nature was always viewed not in a cosmic way but in its smallest and most intimate forms? (Whicher 87). Allen Tate describes her biggest influence to be nature itself, and though she could not deal with the problems of society, she had such an attitude toward life that she was able to see into this character of nature more deeply than any other (84). Miss Dickinson's poetry style contains ?flashes of wholly original and profound insight into nature and life? (Chelsea House of Library Criticism 2841). ?At first impression her tiny lyrics appear to be no more than the jottings of a half-idiotic school-girl instead of grave musings of a full grown, fully educated woman? (Monro 81). Miss Dickinson often writes out of habit allowing her poems to not require a point of view, but instead, they require for some of the deepest understanding, which allows her style to emerge even when she has nothing to say (Tate 86-87). Some consider her works to be the most original of her time, written with an unusual amount of emotion and often referred to as poetry torn up by its roots with rain, dew and earth still clinging to them? (Higginson 78). To others she was considered to be ?intellectually blind, partially dead, and mostly dumb to the art of poetry? (Monro 81). It was best stated by Allen Tate when he wrote,

Choosing An Adventure Destination Tourism Essays

Choosing An Adventure Destination Tourism Essays Choosing An Adventure Destination Tourism Essay Choosing An Adventure Destination Tourism Essay Decision on the escapade finishs need ample clip to screen out many things get downing from the things to transport to the budget. Tips below can be utile for a proper journey of adventures. One of the most of import things is to cognize about the finish, because the proper finish makes all the difference. Hiking to the nearest extremum or surfing on the nearest beaches should be preferred foremost. Make a list of figure of individuals with whom you are traveling. Make a thorough research in the books or on the net. Focus on the age of your company, and harmonizing to them, you can take your escapade finish. Come up with one which is liked by everyone, and what is executable. Check the paths or agenda of your escapade Tourss, so that you will come to cognize about your capableness for making those activities. Do non acquire deceived by the showy and colourful escapade sites or its images on cyberspace. Sometimes you can be cheated. Ensure that, you book your circuit with the travel company that assures your safety with the topographic point and the equipments used. Be certain about your usher that will be provided in your circuit. When you are done with all the information about the topographic point and the travel bundles, you need to see it budget wise. Relatives or friends can be utile who have been there the topographic points which you choose. Visit some vacation carnivals, reach some reputed travel companies these can be the best options to do astute determination. If you are traveling for boosting, so you should cognize about the lift of treks, best season in which it is carried, its class etc. If you are traveling scuba plunging you must cognize about what sea provides and the diving preparation centres and classs available at that place. Another of import point to maintain in head is that, look out for the low-cost air flights and book them right off. Simultaneously, other things like nutrient, adjustment, and climate must be considered before you plan adventure trip. Carry excess brace of apparels, prescribed redresss, and other indispensable equipments. Pack them in two parts, what to transport in your bags, and what to transport while boosting or making H2O athleticss, or any sort of campaign. Thus, after be aftering about your finish for adventures, it will be easier for you to care for them, and you can carry through your desires.

An analysis of literature relating to illegitimate work and it's Essay

An analysis of literature relating to illegitimate work and it's contribution to the labour market - Essay Example In many societies the same people who financial support prostitution when encounter with other about the topic claim they are against it due to social taboos that force people to take a position which they truly do not support. This paper analyzes and examines the subterranean economy which includes the sexual marketplace. The underground economy involves the occurrence of economic activity that is not detected by the government and is not included as part of the official figures since they are not suppose to exist tax is not imposed upon them (Varian, 2003). This underground economy affects the flow of the economy since the flow derived from these activities ends up being laundered in the economy by using the illegal income to purchase goods and services in the economy. In the United States the size of the underground economy is approximately 13% to 14% the size of the legal economy (Gutmann, 1983). Among the many activities make up the composition of the subterranean economy are prostitution, drug trade, labor of illegal immigrants, trafficking of illegal precious metals, gambling activities of bookies, or any other form of labor such as a babysitting jig that does is not accounted for by the government as a form of income. It is estimated that the subterranean economy creates between 15 to 20 milli on jobs in the United States (Baird, 2007). This a positive consequence of this type of activity, but in general the jobs generated by this economy the workers such as prostitutes and drug sellers working on the spot are workers whose human rights are constantly abused by the gangster who controlled this marketplace. Prostitution is one of the segments of the underground economy. Worldwide the sex game is valued at over $12 billion a year a figure that does don’t account the revenues generated in the pornography industry which is a multibillion dollar industry that is legal activity which the considers in its official numbers, but there is a lot of

It has been observed that, in comparison to audiences elsewhere in the Essay - 1

It has been observed that, in comparison to audiences elsewhere in the world, audiences in Britain and America have very little access to texts created beyond their own cultures (Squires, 2007, p. 408) - Essay Example He postulates further that, the number of English speakers outnumbers the native speakers by the ratio of 3:1. All the above figures show that English is a language that cannot be ignored on the world stage. The following are the number of English language speakers in the top five countries, the figures are in millions: United States of America-215 which represents 95.81 percent, United Kingdom-61, which represents 97.74 percent, Canada, 18.2, Australia, 15 and Nigeria 4. All these, indicate that English has a global image (English dominance in The World, 2014). It is a fact that cannot be contested that the English language, dominates the world in almost all spheres. It is spoken and written in almost every part of the world where business and education are taking place. A number of factors have attributed this. Firstly, Great Britain, which has 97 percent of its population speaking English, colonized most of the countries in the world, especially in Africa and Asia when compared to other colonial powers. This means that, it exported its people and culture to different parts of the world. As the master, the subjects had to learn English in order to get education that it offered. English was also one of the qualifications for one to get employment; therefore, people went to school, learned English purposely to get employment and also to be able to communicate. The missionaries also taught people how to write and speak English. This successfully made English the language of communication and education (English Dominance in The World, 2014). Secondly, America being a superpower and Britain doing economically well means that people will tend to migrate from other parts of the world either to get employment or to get an education. One of the conditions before one is allowed to immigrate to America or Britain, is being proficient in English. Therefore, one has to make sure that he/she has learned English before going to these countries or learn

Motivation letter Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Motivation letter - Assignment Example objectives are to, first become a first mate, and then in time, work hard to secure a promotion that will see me achieve my dream of becoming a captain. I believe that I possess determination and focus, which will ensure that I gain experience with the ambition of not achieving the highest rank in motor yachting, but also contributing towards the industry positively by ensuring that I ensure my crew members are safe and have confident in me. Despite personal endeavors in achieving my dream job of becoming a captain, I am also determined to uphold the moral ethics that defines a motor yacht crew given the extra care required in sailing passengers from one port to another. Pursuing motor yachting profession is not satisfying by its own, but through the integration of various aspects such as taking responsibility, conforming to the code of ethics, respect for others and giving other options to correct my unintentional wrong doings, which will help me build my career from a moral, emotional, and professionalism perspective. Motor yachting has substantial challenges that are associated with the conditions in which the sea vessels work. Remarkably, being at the middle of an ocean with no place to pull over in emergency cases is one of the psychological challenges that may face every motor yacht crew among many others including natural and experience challenges. However, there is no single profession that comes without risks; hence, I am determined not to be defined my fears and challenges, but what I can do to ensure that the challenges are part of everything a human being pursues. In reference to the saying the saying, â€Å"experience is the best teacher†, I am always ready to experience new things irrespective of whether they are challenges, obstacles or even hardships, which ensures that I thrive through my career successfully and learning from my past experience. It is my wish to spend my time in large water bodies aided by professional yachting crews

Intelligent Public Transport System Design

Intelligent Public Transport System Design An Intelligent Public Transport System for Smart City Gurnoor Walia, Kuljit Kaur Abstract Road safety has changed into a main subject for governments and automobile manufacturers in the last decade. The advancement vehicular technologies has privileged researchers, institutions and companies to target their efforts on improving road safety. new kinds of networks, such as for instance Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs), have now been designed to assist communication between vehicles themselves and between vehicles and infrastructure. Smart cities embrace intelligent traffic management in which data from the Traffic Information Centre (TIC) infrastructures might be accessible at any point. In this paper we have listed the details of various features relating to intelligent transportation system. INTRODUCTION Cities are complex, networked and continuously changing social ecosystems, shaped and transformed through the interaction of different interests and ambitions. Cities represent a promise for future years: a vision of creativity, opportunity, freedom and prosperity. More than half of the global population has become urban and surveys estimate this percentage may even grow towards 70% in 2050 [2]. The services are increasingly enabled by broadband infrastructures, Internet-based networked applications, wireless sensor networks, open data and open platforms. Within the last decade digital technologies have begun to cover our cities, working together to make the backbone of a big, intelligent infrastructure. Wireless telecommunications grids and broadband fiber-optic are supporting smart phones, mobile phones and tablets which can be increasingly affordable. Add to this foundation a uncompromisingly growing network of sensors and digital control technologies such as smart meters, all tie d together by inexpensive, powerful computers and our cities are quickly fitting like computers in open air[3]. Smart City A smart city use digital technologies to boost the performance and wellbeing, to decrease costs and resource consumption, and also to engage more successfully and actively with its citizens. The core smart sectors comprise energy, health care, transport, water and waste. It should be able it to respond more rapidly to needs of a city and global challenges than one with a simple transactional association with its people. Interest in smart cities is motivated by major challenges, including economic restructuring, climate change, ageing populations, the move to online retail and entertainment, and pressures on public finances.[4] The terms ‘intelligent city’ and ‘digital city’ are also used. [5][6].According to IEEE A smart city brings together technology, government and society to enable the following characteristics: smart cities, a smart economy, smart mobility, a smart environment, smart people, smart living, and smart governance.[7]. 1.3 Intelligent Transportation System As India plans to take a leap forward with approval for smart cities, intelligent transportation is a must have technology. Intelligent transportation systems (ITS) are applications which, without embodying intelligence as such, intend to offer innovative services relating to traffic management and different modes of transport and enable users to be much better informed and make safer, more synchronized, and smarter use of transport networks. Intelligent transport systems differ in technologies used, from basic management systems such as traffic signal control systems; car navigation; container management systems; automatic number plate recognition; variable message signs or speed cameras to observe such applications, such as security CCTV systems; and to more complex applications that combine live data and feedback from numerous sources, such as weather information; parking guidance and information systems; bridge de-icing (US deicing) systems; etc. INTELLIGENT TRAFFIC SYSTEM USING VANETs The development of new vehicular technologies has shifted companies, researchers and institutions to focus their efforts on improving road safety. The evolution in wireless technologies has allowed researchers to style communication systems where vehicles directly take part in the network. Thus networks such as for instance VANETs are produced to facilitate communication between vehicles themselves and between vehicles and road side unit (infrastructure). Vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is a technology which uses moving cars as nodes in a network to make a mobile network [10]. VANETs are becoming a useful consideration due to the various important applications related to traffic controlling road safety. Smart cities saturated in traffic want to minimize their transportation problems due to the increasing population that results in congested roads. VANET helps to fix this issue by improving vehicles mobility and also helps at having more secured and sophisticated cities. VANETs provide easier communication facility among vehicles and also with fixed infrastructure. This can not merely improve the trail safety, but also gives benefits commercially. Pollution reduction, accidents prevention, congestion reduction and safer roads are some of the benefits of VANETs. The development of an efficient system in VANETs has many important benefits, to the traffic police as well as to the drivers. Proper traffic alerts and updated information about traffic incidents will make safe driving, increase road safety and reduce the traffic jams in the city. It also helps to indentify where the traffic rules are violated. Furthermore, it also helps economically; real-time traffic alerting will reduce trip time and fuel consumption and therefore decrease pollution as well [11]. So it is definitely beneficial in many ways. TECHNIQUES FOR IMPELMENTING VARIOUS ASPECTS OF VANETS The smart city can utilize VANETs by having intelligent traffic lights (ITLs) set in the crossroads of a city. These ITLs gathering traffic information (e.g. traffic density) from the passing vehicles, updating traffic statistics (congestion) of the city and reporting those statistics to the vehicles to ensure that vehicle can select the very best path that is congestion free. Also, ITLs will send warning messages to vehicles in case accident occurs to prevent further collisions. As [14], the proposal manages traffic information to be able to avoid accidents, though the information here is gathered from the vehicles themselves so no more infrastructure is needed. Also the system could easily be utilized by the traffic information centre to style an adaptive traffic light system similar to [12] and [13]. The proposed system architecture [16] is as shown in figure 4. Figure 4. The proposed System architecture [16] with intelligent traffic lights It is assumed that vehicles have a global positioning system (GPS), aboard unit, full map information of the city including the exact position of the each ITL, to ensure that vehicles can very quickly select the nearest ITL. Warning message is of three types: yellow circle indicates that vehicle is independent and not communicating with every other vehicle, green circle indicates communication is made and messages transition is certainly going on red and signal indicates two vehicles come closer and there could be the chances of collision as shown in figure 4. Inter-vehicular communication is presented based on an adaptive traffic signal control system [12]. This system reduces the waiting time of the vehicles at the square also results in decrease in waiting time at the signal. To realize this system, the concept of clustering is used to collect the data of the vehicles coming towards the intersection. System that takes the control decisions based on the information coming from the vehicles is very well described by the authors [13]. Every vehicle is equipped with a short range communication device and controller nodes are placed in the intersection with traffic lights. This controller node at intersection acts as adaptive control signal system. In [12] and [13] two adaptive traffic light systems based on wireless communication between vehicles and fixed controller nodes deployed at squares are designed. Both systems improve traffic fluency, reduce the waiting time of vehicles at squares and help to avoid collisions. The work in [14] is a survey about multifunctional data driven intelligent transportation system, which collects a large amount of data from various resources: Vision-Driven ITS (input data collected from video sensors and used recognition including vehicle and pedestrian detection); Multisource-Driven ITS (e.g. inductive-loop detectors, laser radar and GPS); Learning-Driven ITS (effective prediction of the occurrence of accidents to enhance the safety of pedestrians by reducing the impact of vehicle collision);and Visualization-Driven ITS (to help decision makers quickly identify abnormal traffic patterns and accordingly take necessary measures). But, it requires large amount of memory to stores the videos. The e-NOTIFY [15] system was designed for automatic accident detection, which sends the message to the Emergencies Center and assistance of road accidents using the capabilities offered by vehicular communication technologies. The e-NOTIFY system combines both V2V and V2I communications to efficiently notify an accident situation to the Control Center. A technique of finding water-logging-prone areas is given in [8]. This recognition technique is principally based on the following steps. (i) Prediction of locations of low valleys in a sound prone 2D curve. (ii) Confidence score obtained from the calculation of valley area. The proposed solution could easily be integrated with participatory sensing for smart cities. If the smart-phone users voluntarily submit the GPS information received in their hand-held devices, the same can be used for water logging zone calculation. This can help the city authority to create a dynamic water logging prone map of the entire city. In [9] researchers propose a radically different road pricing scheme to avoid and decrease the traffic congestion in metropolises. Unlike designating a small congestion charge zone in an area, they propose to employ a road pricing system over the entire city. Thus, the road pricing system can control the traffic flow in the whole traffic network of the city. Furthermore, the road costs are adjusted dynamically on the basis of the instantaneous traffic densities of every road in the city in order torapidly and efficiently control the traffic flow and to prevent the traffic congestion. Geographical source routing is just a promising routing technique for VANETs, because adaptability for network dynamics and ability to take care of topology holes. In traditional geographical source routing algorithms a best-known neighbor, usually the neighbor nearest to another junction in a greedy fashion, is designated as the following hop. This method may cause two drawbacks: (1) the designated neighbor mightnt have the packet correctly and (2) non-neighbor nodes are never given opportunities to complete forwarding. In [1],two problems are solved by introducing the thought of opportunistic routing to geographical source routing. A new routing protocol, named Geographical Opportunistic Source Routing (GOSR), is developed. GOSR allows non-neighbor nodes as well as the best-known neighbor to become forwarder. The notification cost of opportunistic routing is minimized by enforcing a scope from which candidate forwarders are selected. Defer timers are adopted in order to avoid confl icts due to simultaneous transmissions by nodes in the designated scope. Simulation results also reveal that GOSR can substantially reduce hop count and also improve end-to-end delivery ratio remarkably. TOOLS USED FOR SIMULATING VANETS It is significant to estimate the performance of any network in order to highlight any issues that may exist; the most appropriate way to accomplish this task is therefore to deploy simulations that provide the closest results to real-world annotations. Various simulation tools have been used to evaluate and simulate the performance of routing protocols in VANET. 5.1 Network simulator (NS2 and NS3 ) The NS-2 provides significant support for the simulation of TCP, routing and multicast protocols over wired and wireless networks. The NS-2 simulator is written in C++ with an OTcl (Object Tool Command Language) interpreter as a command and configuration interface. C++ is fast to run but slower to change, making it appropriate for use in comprehensive protocol implementation. NS3 is exclusively written in C++ and it is available for different platform such as Windows, Linux, Unix and OSX, with the coding limited to only a few hundred lines as opposed to 300,000 lines for NS-2. For the sake of huge network simulation,NS3 has come to support distributed and federated simulation tasks. NS-3 is free software available for researchers and developers in order to simulate internet protocols and huge systems in a controlled environment. 5.2 GlomoSim GlomoSim was developed to simulate wireless network simulation. It was coded in Parsec, in which all new protocols need to be described. GlomoSim has the ability to run on SMP (shared-memory symmetric processor: memory simultaneously accessible by all programs) and to assist in dividing the network into separate modules, each running as a distinct process. This decreases the load on the CPU by dividing its workload. GlomoSim supports multiple wireless technologies. GlomoSim was developed to support million of nodes as a single simulation. 5.3 MOVE The mobility model generator for vehicular networks is based on the Java programming language and is built on SUMO (Simulation of urban mobility). MOVE has greater consideration of traffic levels supported by GUI facilities. Mobility trace files can be generated from the Google Earth or TIGER databases. Custom (random and user) graphs a real so supported, although the node movement is constrained to a grid in a random graph. 5.4 TraNs TraNs (traffic and network simulator environment) is based on Java with a visualization tool to integrate SUMO and NS-2 and is specially designed for VANET (Traffic and network simulation environment) in a single module to support vehicular simulation. This can be accomplished by converting traffic files in to a dump file by SUMO. This file can then be read by NS-2. 5.5 VANET MobiSim VANET MobiSim was developed to overcome the limitations of CanuMobiSim. It supports car-to-car and car-to- infrastructure communications, which support stop signs, traffic lights and activities based macro-mobility with the support of human mobility dynamics. TIGER, GDF and random and custom topology are used to obtain road and traffic topology. Vanet MobiSim uses a parser to obtain the topology from GDF or TIGER. 5.6 NCTUns NCTUns (National Chiao Tung University Network Simulator) (WangandLin,2008) is built using C++ programming language with a high level of GUI support. The user has less need to be concerned about code complexity. NCTUns combines the traffic and network simulators in a single module, making a distinct vehicular network environment available. NCTUns supports the ITS (intelligent transport system) environment by using automatic road assignment supported by the SHARPE-format map file. Vehicle movement can be controlled automatically. FUTURE WORK and CONCLUSION In previous work researchers have designed a smart city framework for VANETs including intelligent traffic lights (ITLs) that transmit warning messages and traffic statistics. Simulation results reveal that the usage of ITLs in smart cities can not merely improve road safety but also the drivers quality of life. They have explained the way the ITLs gather traffic and weather conditions of the roads and how they update those statistics. The goal is that the drivers assistant device usually takes proper trip decisions, for instance in order to avoid congested roads, and therefore reducing the trip time and pollution as well. As a near future work, ITLs could communicate to passing vehicles indicating where would be the free parking spots in the city. With this specific information, the driver assistant device could indicate the driver where free spots are located. This technique could use a WSN to obtain the data about free parking spots and communicate it to the nearest ITLs. The ITLs could share that information although sub-network they form. This might save trip time, petrol and CO2 as a consequence, which helps to own sustainable smart cities. Also, statistics collected by the ITLs can improve data routing protocols selecting the road that offers an increased chance to forward a supply to the destination successfully. A VANET routing protocol that considers those statistics in its operation can also be designed. REFERENCES [1] Zhongyi, L., Tong, Z., Wei, Y., and Xiaoming, L., â€Å"Poster Abstract: GOSR: Geographical Opportunistic Source Routing for VANETs,† Mobile Computing and Communications Review, Vol. 13, No. 1, January 2009 [2] United Nations, â€Å"World Urbanization Prospects, The 2007 Revision Highlights,† United Nations, New York, 2008. [3] Schaffers, H., Ratti, C., and Komninos, N., â€Å"Special Issue on Smart Applications for Smart Cities – New Approaches to Innovation,† Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research, Universidad de Talca – Chile, Dec 2012 [4] Dept Business, Challenges Faced by Cities and the Need for Smarter Approaches, pg-5, 2013 [5] Moir, Challenges Faced by Cities and the Need for Smarter Approaches, pg-18, 2014 [6] Smart City, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_city [7] IEEE Smart Cities ,http://smartcities.ieee.org/about.html [8] Choudhury, A.D., Agrawal, A., Sinha, P., Bhaumik, C., Ghose, A., and Bilal, S., â€Å"A Methodology for GPS-based Water logging Prediction and Smart Route Generation,† 12th International Conference on Intelligent Systems Design and Applications (ISDA), Kochi , 2012. [9] Soylemezgiller, F., Kuscu, M., and Kilinc, D., â€Å"A Traffic Congestion Avoidance Algorithm with Dynamic Road Pricing for Smart Cities,† presented at IEEE 24th International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications: Mobile and Wireless Networks, London, 2013 [10] Emmelmann, M., Bochow, B., and Kellum, C.C., â€Å"Vehicular networking: Automotive applications and beyond,† John Wiley and Sons, 2010. [11] Ferrari, G., Busanelli, S., Lotti, N., and Kaplan, Y., â€Å"Cross- Network Information Dissemination in VANETs,† 11th International Conference on ITS Telecommunications, pp. 351-356, 2011. [12] Maslekar, N., Boussedjra, M., Mouzna, J., and Labiod, H., â€Å"VANET based Adaptive Traffic Signal Control,† IEEE 73rd Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring), pp. 1-5, 2011. [13] Gradinescu, V., Gorgorin, C., Diaconescu, R., Cristea, V., and Iftode, L., â€Å"Adaptive Traffic Light Using Car-to-Car communications,† IEEE 65th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring), pp. 21-25, 2007. [14] Junping, Z., Fei-Yue, W., Kunfeng, W., Wei-Hua, L., Xin, X., and Cheng, C., â€Å"Data-Driven Intelligent Transportation Systems: Survey,† IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, Vol. 12, Issue 4, pp. 1624-1639, 2011. [15] Fogue, M., Garrido, P., Martinez, F. J., Cano, J. C., Calafate, C. T., Manzoni, P., and Sanchez, M., â€Å"Prototyping an Automatic Notification Scheme for Traffic Accidents in Vehicular Networks,† Wireless Days (WD) IFIP, pp. 1-5, 2011. [16] Khekare, G.S., Sakhare, A.K., â€Å"Intelligent Traffic System for VANET: A Survey,† International Journal of Advanced Computer Research (2277–7970) Volume-2 Number-4 Issue 6, December 2012.

Dickens, Thurber, Andersen, London and Perseus :: science

Dickens, Thurber, Andersen, London and Perseus As far back as I can remember, my mind has always thought and learned by association. My brain fancifully connects things like computer terminals and bus terminals, Indian reservations with plane ticket confirmations, and carpetbaggers with rug stealers. Don’t ask me why, but I think I get bored with ordinary human communications and then lapse into my imaginary fantasy’ association world, finding it much more fascinating than the nightly news, soap operas and talking head yakety-yak cable tabloid shows. Because my cerebrum delights in working by making bizarre associations, whenever my mind thinks of Charles Dickens, the great English author is filed and classified in a â€Å"mental cabinet† along with James Thurber, Hans Christian Andersen, Jack London and the mythical ancient Greek hero, Perseus. All of these personages had to overcome trials, tribulations and adversity. They elevated themselves above grief and ridicule, stayed focused on their goals and were not defeated by an abundance of criticism and rejection. They were motivated by failure. Charles Dickens’ (1812-1970) father had great financial difficulties. The boy had a rather miserable childhood, and the lad spent much of his time in poorhouses and workhouses. Did poverty overwhelm Charles Dickens? Was his negative environment to blame for an unproductive and fruitless life? No it wasn’t. Dickens retreated into his imaginary world and incisively wrote about the need for social reform in what later became such literary classics such as Oliver Twist and David Copperfield. James Thurber (1894-1961) ranks as one of America’s most popular humorists. He is most renowned for his short story â€Å"The Secret Life of Walter Mitty,† a meek, absent-minded hen-pecked’ character who suffers the sharp-tongued ire of a dominant bossy wife. Thurber’s stories and self-drawn cartoons appeared for over thirty years in the New Yorker magazine. James Thurber had been blinded in one eye in a childhood accident, and then he lost vision in his other eye in later life. Despite those hardships, the author still continued his storytelling pursuits and even appeared late in life as himself in a popular Broadway play The Thurber Carnival. Hans Christian Andersen (1805-1875) was born in a small fishing village in Denmark. (If a last name ends in sen, the person is probably from Denmark; in son, probably from Sweden). At age fourteen Andersen journeyed to Copenhagen to pursue either an acting or writing career. He auditioned as an opera singer, was a humiliating failure and spent the next three years anguishing in abject poverty.

Did I miss anything? †Tom Wayman Essay

1. a) Every stanza in this poem starts with one-word sentence fragment rather than a complete sentence. A sentence fragment is more effective because it represents the tone of the poem. With only one word used, the poet stresses that nothing or everything was missed without having to explain what exactly in the same sentence. This way one word explains and answers the question what was missed. b) This poem has very little punctuation – capital letters and line breaks indicating the end of a though, but no punctuation at the end of the sentences. This use of punctuation affects the meaning of the poem because it doesn’t finish the poet’s idea and leaves the reader with thoughts, ideas and guesses of what else might be said, or might have happened. 2. a) Stanza # Literal paraphrase of the text The ironic subtext – what is really meant 1 We couldn’t do anything when you weren’t here, so we just sat at our desks and did nothing. Do you really think you’re so important the whole world stops and twiddles its thumbs when you’re not here? 2 I gave an exam worth 40 per cent and reading on which there’s a quiz today worth 50 per cent of the term mark. Can you understand how much you miss when you’re not in class? 3 Nothing in this course is valuable or meaningful and the activities done are pointless and won’t matter to you or to me. Do you really think that missing the class means that nothing new and valuable was taught and that the exercises were assigned without a purpose? 4 Shortly after the beginning of the class an angel appeared and told us what one should do in order to reach perfect wisdom. It was the last day of classes before everybody separates and goes to tell the good news to all people. Do you think that some kind of being will come and tell you exactly  what you should do to be smart enough and at least pass this course? 5 When you are not in class nothing significant can happen. Can you imagine that just because you weren’t present and nothing occurred? 6 The classroom is a small planet of humans and everything in the classroom exists to make you question yourself and wonder. This opportunity doesn’t exist only in the classroom but it is one place. Do you think that with your absence you stop the world go around? b) The teacher deliberately uses verbal irony to show the student that what is going on in the class doesn’t change because he/she was absent. The student missed not only to be present in the class, but what was taught and what happened or didn’t happen, as well. Someone can rely on verbal irony in situations when he/she wants to offend someone, because that someone has done something wrong towards the person. 3. Some stanzas in this poem are indented while others are not because the poet wants to differentiate whether everything or nothing was missed since the sentence fragments repeat one after another. The literally techniques used in the non-indented paragraphs are hyperbole, irony, repetition and understatement, while in the indented paragraphs the literally techniques are symbolism, satire, exaggeration and repetition as well. 4. The kinds of images used repeatedly in stanzas one, two, and three are all connected with the classroom and what can be learned there. However, the images used in stanzas four and six are linked with the universe and the person existing in it. The significance of this change in the type of imagery is that it represents what visually happens in a classroom and what really goes on in the classroom as part of the universe and one place where opportunities take place.

Mans Inhumanity to Man essays

Man's Inhumanity to Man essays Over the centuries, nothing has caused more pain and suffering for man than man himself. Through war, hate crimes, and random acts of violence, the fear of the different and unknown has made itself known in human nature. The novel Night, the movie Schindlers List and the article A Tortured Legacy are all examples of this. Through the suffering of the Jews at the hands of the Germans, there is no clearer example of mans inhumanity to man. The holocaust was far more than a tragedy; it is something you simply cannot describe with words. The sheer evil and hate that took place in the 1940s really simplifies what man can be like when hes at his weakest and lowest point of existence. Through the merciless slaughtering and torturing of the Jewish people, the Germans showed to the whole world what its like to be inhuman; to be an animal. In the wild, creatures kill for food and survival. In the death camps of Auschwitz, there was killing simply because of a difference of beliefs. The German Nazis believed that the Jewish people were responsible for their peoples suffering, that because they came over to Germany and thrived, they were effectively killing off the German people. With the aide of propaganda, Hitler and his followers convinced everyone who was willing to listen that the Jewish people must be stopped, that they werent even humans; that they were sub humans. Humanity? Humanity is not concerned with us. [p.30] Is a quote from the book Night, which was spoken by a man who was about to be sent to the gas chambers, and it sums up the entire holocaust. In the movie Schindlers List, people are being shot for no reason at all. One such instance, a woman is shot for simply walking down the street. If thats not inhumane, then what is? Not all the Jews were lucky enough to be gassed or shot in the head. Many of them went to concentration camps where they ...

Violence in a Changing America essays

Violence in a Changing America essays Columbine, Co. Through the news we have witnessed the horror, gore and serious crime that has extended its influence even to the youth of small towns across America. America has experienced a cultural change where solid values no longer serve as a deterrent to crime. This spread may have resulted from the desensitizing media under the, If it bleeds, it reads. marketing ploy, or perhaps the rise of the Internet. However, occurrences such as those at Columbine illustrate the violence that plagues America. Universally, this town represents the insecurity Americans feel under our current gun control policies. We no longer live in the cleaver family 50s when streets and schoolyards were safe, door were left unlocked and windows unbarred. Changing times call for changing policies, enforcing stiffer laws and preventing the distribution of guns to violent criminals. Although, under the Clinton/Gore administration violent crime has decreased by 24 percent, both Bush and Gore recognize that the fight against lawlessness and violence has just begun. Our founding fathers structured the government to have three freedoms: life, liberty, and property. The one which influences the topic at hand is life. The government is responsible to ensure safety; from other countries through a high-powered military, through FDA regulations, through road safety laws and through police enforcement. At this point, the government has created a daunting military reputations, we are ensured healthy food and safe roads; however, most Americans, male or female are afraid to walk alone at night, even in small towns. Some children are afraid to go to school and some teachers fear their own students. With these fears come the failure of one of our founded freedoms: life. Americans recognize the threat of serious crime and the need for change. However, another fundamental founding feature of our nation impedes on the ...

Assess the role of law, and determine its importance,compare key Essay - 1

Assess the role of law, and determine its importance,compare key arguements in the writting of thomass hobbes and john locke - Essay Example While such rules of conducts may be developed and applied differently by different societies, the objective is simply the same; to protect the fundamental rights of individuals within the society (Grant, 1987 p12). Therefore, this essay will argue on the role and importance of law, as advocated for by two different scholars, namely Thomas Hobbes and John Locke. The prime essence of law in the society is to regulate social behavior (Brown, 1965 p7). Without laws, it could be difficult to regulate the social behavior of individuals, since people vary depending on their natural abilities, social orientations, cultural foundations and generic makeup. Therefore, it is natural that some individuals in any society are weaker than others, and thus needs to be protected from exploitation by the other individuals who are dominant in various aspects (Tarcov, 1984 p11). However, according to Thomas Hobbes, who was a renowned English philosopher, the major problem that exists in the world is that of establishing political and social order (Dietz, 1990 p114). Therefore, the fundamental question regarding social interaction is on how people can live together, without the danger and fear of conflict. This forms the basis of his Moral and Political Philosophy, which postulates that to realize peaceful coexistence in the society full of undue danger and fea r of conflict, people should give their obedience to an unaccountable sovereign, which could take the form of an individual or a group that is vested with the powers of deciding on the political and social issues facing the society (Collins, 2005 p45). This point to the inevitable need for some form of law that is vested on certain social institutions, which have the powers to interpret and apply the laws for the common benefit of the society and al individuals, who have committed their obedience to such institutions. Thus according to Thomas Hobbes, the need for law in the society stems from the fact that

MARX Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

MARX - Essay Example This is why the Christian God, the Jewish God, Buddha or any African God, for example, are wise, just and powerful1. All of man’s characteristics are gathered and joined in a larger than life, larger than man figure, with all of these characteristics projected on a grand, infinite scale. Feuerbach himself states that God is â€Å"of mans species-essence, the totality of his powers and attributes raised to the level of infinity†2. Feuerbach’s atheism may, for some part, resemble the classical atheism to which Marx himself adheres. However, we may notice that in Feuerbach’s case, God is not a non-existence, he is a creation. We may argue that Feuerbach implies the creation by a small group of people (the clergy, the religious class that exists in every society) of an infinite figure that will reflect the ambitions and needs of the entire mankind. Gods are images of the people itself and, in this sense, will reflect the main characteristics of those people. So far, we have stated that, according to Feuerbach, God is an image of man. Nevertheless, we are aware that in all monotheistic religions, God is the Supreme Being of the existential Universe, the most powerful element of the Universe. A creation of man has become more powerful than the Creator itself. Substituting the Creator and the Created, Feuerbach states that it was man that created God and not the other way around. This anti-theological (I would not consider it necessarily atheist, looking at atheism in its stricto-sensum definition of denying God’s existence altogether) paradox leads to alienation: man is separated from its own creation, which has become more powerful than himself. For Feuerbach, the subject (man) has become the object, hence the state of alienation in which he finds himself. Marx intervention is not necessarily on the conceptualization of religious alienation, but on the causes of this religious alienation that Feuerbach

Critically appraise the impact of the development of tourism, over a Essay

Critically appraise the impact of the development of tourism, over a period of time, on the visual culture of a destination of your choice - Essay Example n addition, the range of influence from tourism is broad and always influence areas that are beyond those that are commonly associated with the tourism. Moreover, leaders and residents who do understand the potential influences of tourism could integrate this sector into the community in the positive way (Kreag, 2001). However, not all influences can be applicable to each community due to conditions or resources that might differ. Tourism and community leaders should balance influence that might either improve or negatively affect residents and communities. Leaders should be visionary and sensitive, and should avoid the temptation of glossing over certain challenges tourism development can create. The tourism sector needs to also balance the concerns and opportunities of all community by working against all the conditions where positive influences benefit one section of the community, and negative impacts hurt the other. Conversely, a sensitivity of the community tourism translates to avoiding burdens on the industry that can thwart its success (Lindber & Johnson, 1997). Local leaders need not expect tourism to resolve all community issues. Tourism is just a one element of the community. Creation of the strategic development of tourism services and amenities could enhance the community or correct tourism or local deficiencies, for instance, all the business development, need to assure that its products attract customers. Overbearing restrictions and rules, as well as overburdening taxes, would make tourism businesses to be less competitive or attractive. The destination that would be critically examined is the Cannes in France. The Cannes view port of the famous Boulevard de la Croisette that is situated in the Cannes Middle Ages was a feudal defence of Lerins monastery. However, until early 19th century, Cannes remained very small fishing and agricultural village with the high density of population on the Le Suquet hill. However, during the start of 1830s,

Tim Winton - Belonging Speech Essay Example for Free

Tim Winton Belonging Speech Essay The cause of his alienation appears to be physical and psychological abuse from his father, lack of caring from his school and his run down neglected neighbourhood with its â€Å"deadbeat no hoper†¦ downtrodden house in Longlands Rd, Nowheresville†. | The symbolism and scatological imagery establishes a decaying, decrepit and depressing environment, which reveals Billy’s isolation. Another evocative portrait is the internal monologue in the poem Sport in chapter one. The pain and suffering’ of soulless tyranny endured by Billy, from the old bastard his father. This technique of expletive language is used to depict the poor relationship he shared with his father he gave me one backhander I felt the blood† and his attitude toward the world hes living in. This is the first pivotal event that Billy retells, which initially demonstrates the change in his identity and belonging. | Later in the book Billy catches a train. He is uncertain where the train will take him. Herrick engages the reader with Billy’s significantly violent memory of his father with the forces of a fathers punch. The metaphoric terms further reveal Billys harsh living environment he is seeking to escape.   Ernies train whistle in the poem â€Å"Another crossing† symbolises the beginning of Billys new life contrasted favourably by Ernie’s ‘not bossing you around’ where Herrick uses the technique of multiple perspective. His next positive role model is Irene, Bendarat’s Librarian, who welcomes him and encourages him to borrow b ooks. | These two characters are used by Herrick to enrich Billy’s moral parameters and direct him in his notion of identity allowing him to reach his sense of belonging. Herrick induces us to feel empathy rather than antagonism to the protagonist. This is accomplished through the intimate use of language, changing perspectives and personal anecdotes. | Growth in maturity is shown as both Billy and Old Bill show signs of growth as they help each other. Billys growth is demonstrated as he becomes a different individual from the beginning of the narrative poem showing positive thinking â€Å"sure theres hope in the world even for hobos like us. | Herrick also represents this change through his use of natural imagery and pathetic fallacy; exemplified in the poem â€Å"Hobos like us†, â€Å"Sit in the sunshine†. Old Bill’s view of the world slowly starts to change, as the protagonist reduces his consumption of alcohol and ventures to move on with his life. This is done through Herrick’s use of Motif throughout the novel of Old Bills alcoholic nature. | While Old Bill demonstrates the symbolism of A Simple Gift when he gave his keys to his old home to Caitlin and Billy symbolizing his final pivotal moment enriching Billy’s, Caitlin’s and Old Bill’s understanding of their identity, which leads to their understanding of where they belong in the world. | Tim Winton’s â€Å"The Turning† also explores this value of events that shape a persons identity and hence their sense of belonging in their world. The short story â€Å"The Turning† tells the narrative of Raelene, which reveals the notion as grand paradox, where small lives are contrasted by the immense grand scale of the world. | The use of significant events in the life of Raelene enriches her understanding of her identity and through this allows her to discover where she belongs in the world. | The character of Raelene is in an abusive relationship where she feels she is isolated from the world around her. This is exemplified by the quote â€Å"when Rae laughed at him he clouted her in front of the kids†. The colloquial language and sparse imagery allows the reader to understand Raelene’s lack of belonging. | The use of colloquialisms is repeated throughout the text, and is rich and powerfully inventive in demonstrating to the reader values of Australian society, and more specifically, values of belonging and not belonging in an Australian context. | Later in the text Raelene finds solace in meeting a couple whose relationship is affirmed on values of faith and spirituality. The juxtaposition of this relationship with her current spouse allows Raelene to discover who she really is. | Winton utilizes religious connotations and motifs in order to demonstrate this, as shown through the quote, â€Å"she has something specialâ€Å" whilst ‘Christ is holding his heart†. The use of religious intertextuality is also clear in that Winton describes the presence of a higher, spiritual power in the line â€Å"Deep down Rae sensed that she wanted something from them. †| Raelene then reflects on her newly enriched identity, as demonstrated through the motif of the snow globe. Within this globe is a symbol of her new-found religious faith, Jesus Christ. The holy figure becomes central to Raelene’s discovery of where she belongs in the world. | This is exemplified by Winton’s utilization of religious references, assonance and metaphor in the quote ‘snowed birds as the van rocked, birds like stars. ’ Through close reference to The Turning it is clear to see Tim Winton has skillfully crafted a text, which strongly demonstrates the influence of significant events on an individual’s discovery of identity, which is then revealed to allow the individual to discover where they belong in the world. |

Adolf Hitler Essay example -- essays research papers

Hitler’s Childhood Adolf Hitler was born on April 20, 1889, in a small Austrian village called Braunau-am-Inn. Adlof was born a sickly child, his mother, Klara, watched over him night and day. Klara Hitler protected young Adolf from her short-tempered husband, Alois. Adolf grew into a thin, dark-haired, blue-eyed boy with an angular face (Twisted 63). At the age of 6, Hitler started school and showed excellent achievement in his classes. Outside of school young Hitler was energetic and had many friends. Adolf’s home life was far less happy. His father ran the household like a military boot camp. When his father was in the same room as him, Adolf was not allowed to speak without permission. The first signs of Adolf’s aggression showed up at the age of 7. Adolf would challenge his tyrannic...

Ethics, Morals, or Values Essay

My ethical judgment was put to a severe test only once in the past. However, when it happened, it completely overwhelmed me that I could never be certain until now whether I made the right decision. It involved my 90-year-old great-aunt whom I loved dearly and who had no other living relative besides me. She was rushed to the hospital in a comatose condition, no blood pressure reading, and no pulse. She was later diagnosed with sepsis secondary to infection from her bed sores after being bedridden for more than a year. She was finally transferred to a private room with a blood pressure reading of 60/40 and a rather weak pulse but stable, according to her attending physician, considering the circumstances. However, days and weeks later, her condition did not improve. She was still comatose, and antibiotics did not seem to be taking any effect. Later, she developed pneumonia. I was informed by the hospital staff that it was expected in her situation. After all, they told me, she was a weakened, 90-year-old woman in coma. One day her doctor talked to me about her condition. He informed me that there was nothing wrong with her heart – she had a very healthy heart. What worried him, he said, were her lungs because they were ready to collapse. The moment her lungs collapse, my aunt would immediately stop breathing and die in spite of a healthy heart. There was only one thing they could do if I wanted her to keep on breathing and stay alive – technically alive, at least. They could insert a breathing tube that would reach her lungs and pump air into her using a breathing bag. However, he wanted me to understand that the procedure would be very painful for my aunt – a painful procedure that would not even help my aunt recover consciousness. But first, he wanted to get my consent to perform the procedure on my aunt when the need arose. I could not answer him instantly. I knew what he was asking me. I heard some nurses talking about â€Å"heroics† in connection with dying patients. My aunt’s doctor wanted to know if I would ask him to write the words â€Å"no heroics† on my aunt’s card so that they could allow her to die – I could leave her to die – as soon as her lungs collapsed. I was the next of kin. Since my aunt could no longer decide for herself, the decision was up to me. I was staring at euthanasia in the face! I asked the doctor if I could give him my answer the following day. He said yes, but reminded me not to delay or it might be too late. I spent the whole evening thinking about it – asking myself some questions. What would my aunt have wanted me to do? My aunt was a devout Catholic. Would she want me to decide as one? The following morning I told her doctor: â€Å"Please do everything for her! †

I Am Not Scared

Michele and Filippo deserve our sympathy, all the others deserve only condemnation. Discuss. The story takes place in 1978 in a fictional town called Acqua Traverse in Southern Italy during the hottest summer of the century. The readers all have a soft place in our hearts for filippo and Michele about their tragic experiences. Michele’s natural sense guides him to determine the good and wrong things. Despite his age, his moral terms are much better than all the adults, who sacrifice their consciences to sink into crimes. This statement considers being partly agreed.We sympathize with Filippo in his misfortune, and we feel sorrowful about the ways they treated Filippo are too ghastly to look at. Michele was not fear of sacrifice and saved Filippo’s life. And all the other deserve only condemnation, except for Michele’s parents, Pino and Terese. Filippo’s misfortune deserves our sympathy, and we feel sorrowful and miserable about the way the adults treat him . Filippo is only nine years old. He should prosecute true happiness and deserve the caring from his parents, but the adults totally destroy everything. A tragic experience causes him stay in the shadow of death.In the story, Michele has to do forfeit by climbing up to the first floor of the abandoned house. When he lifts up the corrugated sheet, he finds the boy was lying at the bottom of the hole, it was dark and full of flies and a sickening smell welled up. Filippo’s living condition is very poor and miserable, lack of water and food, with chains on his feet. After he gets kidnap and hide in the hole by the adults. He has a little bit mental disorder, because he can’t trust anyone anymore, nothing in this world is happy or magnificent, nobody in this world is dependable.He also mentions everyone in his family is all dead and they live in the holes like him. The world’s a place full of holes with dead people in them. He gives up his life in despair. He will n ever dare to expect someone come and help him, take him out of the evil and nasty place. And Sergio once spreads works to the public and says he will cut off two of Filippo’s ears for the ransom. That is unbelievable, how can they have the heart to cut off a nine-year-old boy’s ears. Their actions are shameful and disgraceful.And they totally destroy his childhood innocent and scar him emotionally forever. This shows that Filippo’s misfortunate should deserve the reader sympathy. Michele is not fear of sacrifice and saved Filippo’s life. His has a wonderful natural sense to determine whether he should do or he should not do. He doesn’t obey any unreasonable comments from the adults. In the story, when Michele listen the conversations between the adults, he sees Filippo’s mother is appealing to the kidnappers, do not hurt him, and they love him and haven’t forgotten him.And he realises Filippo is kidnaped by his father and the old man, Sergio. And they want to cut off his ears. Although Sergio frightens Michele into being a good and obedient children, and do not interfere with the world of adults. But he cannot transgress his morality, He goes back the abandoned house and tells him everything, and he also worries about does his father cut off Filippo’s ears. This also proves the friendship between Michele and Filippo are very precious. Michele helps him, provides food and water, and brings him back to the reality and takes him away from the shadow of death.Michele tries to convince him that he is not alone, he stills alive and he is not blind at all, and helps him to return to a human state. Gradually, the friendship between them bloomed, and Michele is the only one in the world that Filippo can depend on. Unfortunately, Felice discovers Michele is in the bottom of the hole, he get beat up by Felice, who was a poor devil with friendless and womanless. Finally he has to make a promise to his dad, never go b ack to the hole again. If they find Michele has visit him again.Sergio or Felice will shoot him. But he also promises Filippo that he will come back. This situation seems like to challenge his moral bottom line. But he decides to break promise to his father and pluck up his courage to rescue Filippo. The thunderstorm propels Michele to save Filippo’s life, because he knows they are coming to kill him soon. This moment shows the courage and goodness of Michele. The friendships between them are entitled to be called the true friendships, because they never betray each other.This shows Michele is not fear to sacrifice and save Filippo’s life, their friendships are very valuable. His actions and moral terms deserve our sympathy and are worth learning. All the others should only deserve condemnation, they should feel shameful and guilty about what they do to these nine-year-old boys, but Michele‘s parents should gain the forgiveness of the masses. In the story, Michel e is liked many other nine-year-old children, they trust their parents and depend on them all the time.However, the reason why Pino gets involved in this kidnap, because he wants his children to get the better life in the future, far away from poverty. In the story, when Michele gets beat up by Felice, Terese try to fling herself at Felice, although she knows Felice is much stronger than her, but she protects her children at risk of his life. This shows the depth of love and protection. She said to Michele, when he grow up he must go away from here and never come back, because she doesn’t want him to remember this unhappy experience. It will directly impact his emotionally.This show Pino and Terese should deserve the forgiveness, and they demonstrate the depth of love and protection to their children, they are not allowed anyone to hurt their children. Filippo’s misfortunate should deserve our sympathy. Michele demonstrates the courage and goodness, not fear to sacrifi ce and save Filippo’s life, his moral term is worth learning for everyone. All the others deserve only condemnation, except for Pino and Terese, because they are absolute conscientious parents, they just hope their children will have the better life in the future.

Geographical Division Essay Example

Geographical Division Essay Example Geographical Division Essay Geographical Division Essay I would entirely recommend this structure as there is a local decision making at the point of contact between the organisation and its customers (e. g. customer satisfaction from local dealer). It will also be cheaper to establish local distribution factories rather than to distribute from only one location (e. g. cost of transportation shipping, if so being the case is reduced)Nevertheless it could also be expensive to have a national organisation liaising with many different regional distribution factories, whereas if all customers liaise with Head office they might need fewer managerial staff. Also contradiction in standards may develop from one area to another. Having the accountability and flexibility advantages of product-based management without the duplication and the division of the functional departments will be somehow fabulous and this is where the Matrix structure comes in, it crosses both the functional and product structure. And one of the distinctive features of a matrix structure is that the employee will report to two bosses (sometimes more) rather than the traditional one. One of these authorities, usually the functional area will manage the formal side of the employment contract (e. g. salary, attendance, appraisals etc. ); they are responsible for their own activities and staff. The other line of authority product-based is used to involve the employees in the production, selling, distribution etc. of the product. The product managers will be the co-ordinators of all the different functions towards their particular objectives. Introducing a Matrix structure to Airgen plc could have a positive affect because it has a lot to offer. The mixing of skills and expertise will be a benefit of working together in functional areas. : It will avoid Airgen unnecessary costs, since the same employees can contribute to different company projects. The head of departments will be free to organise their staff, while the production managers will be responsible for delivering the product to customers (by customer expectations)One of the main objections to Matrix is the creation of confusion over who reports to whom and about the priorities that should be attached to different tasks, occupying two roles can cause conflict between the team members, and this could lead to emotional stress. It is also difficult to demonstrate their individual contribution as they are changing from team to team. Outsiders will struggle not knowing to which line manager they will have to speak/report to. Opportunities for promotion are very limited since the movement lateral. Although the matrix structure have much to offer there is a saying that no man can serve two masters